Incidents And Leaders Interaction Within The Movie History Essay

Incidents And Leaders Interaction Within The Movie History Essay This paper analyses the theories and concepts of leadership of key characters in the movie, Invictus. The key characters analysed are President Nelson Mandela and Francois Pienaar, captain of the South African rugby team. Based on a book written by John Carlin, Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Changed a Nation, the movie is directed by award-winning director Clint Eastwood. Starring Morgan Freeman as President Nelson Mandela and Matt Damon plays Francois Pienaar, who is the current captain of the Springboks, the South African rugby team, it was released in the United States in mid-December 2009. 2.0 SYNOPSIS OF MOVIE Storyline The story centres around events before and during the 1995 Rugby World Cup, hosted in South Africa shortly after the fall of apartheid with the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela. Mandela was held in a prison on Robben Island for close to 27 years. As the new elected President, Mandela vowed to unite the South Africa population which is currently divided into two groups: the white people who originated from Europe and came to South African in the seventeeth century known as Afrikaners and the native black population of the country. The movie basically shows President Mandelas attempt to unite both groups in supporting the countrys rugby team, the Springboks (rugby was traditionally a white sport) and steering the team as it made a historic drive towards winning the 1995 Rugby World Cup Championship. Despite all odds and initial resistance, the black natives of South Africa soon began to show interest in the Springboks. As the team wins more and more games, they continue to receive rising support from both the Afrikaners and the black natives. The team achieved unexpected success in the 1995 Rugby World Cup final, defeating the strongest opponent in the tournament, New Zealand, which brought cheer not only to the Afrikaners but also to the black natives all over the country as they celebrated the teams victory. This inevitably began to bridge the divide between the two groups that had been there for centuries due to apartheid. The title Invictus is translated from the Latin as undefeated or unconquered, and is the title of a poem by English poet William Ernest Henley (1849-1903). The ending saw the recitation of verses from the poem: Out of the night that covers me, Black as the pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeonings of chance my head is bloody, but unbowed. Beyond this place of wrath and tears Looms but the Horror of the shade, And yet the menace of the years Finds and shall find me unafraid. It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with punishments the scroll, I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul. Leaders in the movie There are clearly two distinguished leaders in the movie: President Nelson Mandela despite having to face other pressing issues to build the country in his first term as president, Mandela is committed to his pledge to reunite the people of South Africa. He tries to achieve this through sports, namely rugby in which the country is hosting in the following year. Francois Pienaar, captain of the Springboks (South African Rugby team). Pienaar faces a tough challenge from President Mandela to drive his team to win the 1995 Rugby World Cup Championship, something he never thought possible before. Role of leaders Newly-elected President Nelson Mandela plays a leading role as the person who tries to unite the divided groups of white Afrikaners and the black South African natives with the end of apartheid. He believes that it can be achieved through rugby, which is the number one sport for the white Afrikaners. With his strong belief in the power of the game, Mandela went against the wishes of his own staff and follows his instincts to pursue his target. Mandela calmly leads by example, displaying great leadership skills through his quiet reflective confidence in contemplating decisions, his commitment to achieve whatever he sets out to do and the way he touches other peoples lives and emotions with his personal communication style. Meanwhile, Francois Pienaar admires President Mandelas aspirations to unite the people of South Africa and was inspired by his dedication and perseverance to achieve his goal. Through his leadership and commitment, Pienaar steadily builds his teams confidence and began to win more and more matches, and eventually brought his team to victory against the strongest opponent, New Zealand, in the final match of the 1995 Rugby World Cup. 3.0 LEADERSHIP ASPECTS Incidents within the movie involving the leaders One incident shows a sporting organization where all committee members are black natives, and they agree to pass a motion to change the name, colour and logo of the rugby team to suit a different and blacker South Africa. Currently, the rugby team represents the pride of the Afrikaners and is despised by the black natives as they see it as a symbol of apartheid. However, President Mandela who arrives at the meeting just after the voting process asks the committee members to rethink their decisions in the context of unity for the country and the good of the population. In the end, he manages to gather 13 votes on his side which is enough for him to keep the Springboks. Mandelas style of participative leadership is very admirable. He always encourages those working under him to think differently about surrounding issues.   A good example would be the one concerning his personal security group. Instead of being suspicious about the loyalty and commitment of his white security staff, he directed the security head, a black Soth African native, to work together with their highly experienced counterparts and learn from them. He also treats the white security staff well even though some of them were against him when he was in prison. Days before the final match, Pienaar as captain of the rugby squad claims that the team needs a break. They head to Robben Island with their girlfriends to take their minds off the game. There, Pienaar visited the jail where Mandela was held. Standing inside Mandelas actual jail cell, Pienaar is dismayed to discover how small the cell is and with nothing to sleep on except a thin sheet on the bare ground. Yet the man who was held in this cell for nearly 26 years can easily forgive those who put him in prison, and has great plans to unite the people of the country. Incidents and leaders interaction within the context of the movie President Mandela invites Pienaar to tea for their first meeting. Mandela believes that he can achieve the unity that he planned for through rugby and needed Pienaars assistance to get the support of the Afrikaners. Pienaar was charmed by Mandelas personal style and warmth upon his arrival at the Government House. He also observed that Mandela treated everyone around him with great respect, even the lady who served them tea. During the brief meeting, Mandela skillfully challenges Pienaar to think positively about winning the upcoming Rugby World Cup Championship. He shared his vision on the importance of winning the championship to South Africa to unite the people via a World Cup victory. Pienaar who was impressed with the presidents quiet leadership, personal commitment and motivation to achieve the vision soon began to see the odds of winning the cup as a possibility, thus inspires him to lead this team to train harder that before. Leaders behaviour and characteristics In this movie, Mandela skillfully demonstrates his people-oriented leadership style. For instance, even on his first day in office as the newly-elected President of South Africa, he showed great courtesy to all his staff, blacks and whites, by greeting and smiling at everybody whom he passed by on his way to his suite. This earned him great respect from all staff, especially the white Afrikaners who thought they would be sacked once a black leader assumed office. Mandela also decided to maintain the former white staff and builds an administrative team of both groups. The same also applies to his security staff. In order to lead by example and to achieve the unity he had long planned for, he believes that his team must reflect his vision. 4.0 DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION OF LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOUR Leadership behaviour Leadership styles are important to successfully lead teams in organisations. There are various styles of leadership that can be observed and are practised by leaders in todays organisations, but theories mostly centre these two: The first group displays task-oriented behaviours, whereby the leader only manages the daily activities of his subordinates towards accomplishing a task which was predetermined. The second set involves people-oriented behaviour, also known as participative leadership. Leaders in this group normally provide a supportive role by encouraging his subordinates to get involved in decision making on the project that they are working on. This results in a positive work environment which increases productivity of the team as they feel that they are part of the decision making process and thus own the project.   Evidently, both sets of behaviours are important to create a balance in successful leadership. President Mandela excellently displayed both task-oriented and participative leadership styles in his quest to build the nation. He sought the help and participation of Pienaar to transform the image of the Springboks in the eyes of the black natives. Through Pienaars leadership, the team members successfully won the hearts of the black natives and garner their support which steered the team to victory. Change agent capabilities Basically, a change agent is someone who can motivate others around him to produce higher degree of output, to do more and to achieve better things in their lives. Change agents require emotional intelligence to ensure people are totally engaged in a project. People who are highly supportive of the purpose and are highly committed to achieve the objectives of the project will contribute to better productivity and chances of meeting the goals and objectives are maximised. A change agent needs to have high competencies in soft skills, namely excellent people and communication skills, to encourage peoples involvement and minimise resistance. He or she must be able to reach out to the inner values and beliefs of the people involved in the project in order to implement change with the people. Clearly, President Mandela has demonstrated his capabilities in becoming the change agent for South Africas unity and progress. President Mandela demonstrates these managerial traits effectively through leading by example and motivating people through his great respect for others and personal humility. His quietly confident manner and strong commitment in conveying his visions and aspirations also encourage others around him to do amazing things that they never thought they are capable of doing before. Able to support, able to develop new ideas and recognize achievement Despite the hostility shown towards his support for the Springboks, President Mandela stood his ground and diligently and courageously attended the rugby matches. He even made an effort to memorise the names of all the players and greeted them personally by their name before the matches and during practices. In order to promote foreign investment in building South Africas economy with is also laden with issues, Mandela administrative team tries to ensure that President Mandela receives wide press coverage whenever he meets with other world leaders to discuss bilateral relationships. 5.0 IDENTIFICATION AND EXPLANATION OF INCIDENTS Executive summary of the two incidents selected. President Mandela read the new concerning the upheaval in management of the Springboks team after he assumes the new position. He started to devise how to unite the people of South Africa and saw rugby as the vehicle that might work to bridge the divide. He understands that most Afrikaners are afraid of losing their identity when a black leader becomes president of the country and that the Springboks rugby team is traditionally very important to the white population. He then decides to use the Springboks as a means to unite the population and the upcoming Rugby World Cup Championship as the event that will bring them together. Later when Mandela came to know that a sports committee which comprise all black members voted to change the identity of the rugby team by changing the name, logo and colour of the Springboks to reflect a new and blacker South Africa, he personally hurried to attend the meeting and asked the committee members to rethink their decisions and explain the implicati ons that their decisions might bring onto the unity of the South African population. He managed to get a small following of 13 votes on his side; however, the small majority was enough to keep the Springboks intact. He then forges ahead with his plan to unite the black and white population through rugby. Pienaar also does his part to support President Mandelas commitment to unite the people of South Africa and instill pride in his teammates towards aunited country. In his first attempt to get the message across, Pienaar tries to make his team actually sing the South African national anthem by giving them copies of the anthems lyrics. However, his teammates show clear disinterest and merely scrunch up their copies. Later, they are forced by the President to take occasional breaks from rugby and go out into the poorer areas of South Africa and teach rugby to the natives as a way to inculcate interest of the game to the black natives. At first, only Chester who is the teams sole black player is welcomed by the black children but eventually, after many attempts, the whole team is accepted by the rural population. The team then willingly help introduce the sport to a new generation of children and instil national pride, regardless of race. Involvement of the selected leaders within the incident In the first incident, President Mandela takes it upon himself to make sure that the Springboks are able to maintain their name, logo and colours despite disagreement from the black sports committee members. He stood his ground and clearly conveyed the message across that what he did was for the good of the countrys unity. In the second incident, Pienaar tried to change the attitude of the team players towards embracing their national anthem. Even though he was not successful on his first attempt, the fact that he went on to sing the anthem displayed his willingness to lead by example, hoping that the others will follow suit. Making decision within team, group and individual setting A strategic leader has a team of decision makers to help him reach a consensus when making important decisions. This process of decision-making improves the quality of the decisions, especially when developing crucial planning and policies affecting the country. A strategic leader needs a competent team to support his role. Coupled with his knowledge and skills, a strategic leader can lead a team of high performing individuals to create and develop strategic vision and plans utilising available resources and implementing national policies. Due to the complexity of todays world economy and global issues, a strategic leader of a nation requires the assistance of a forward-looking team of executives to forge ahead with his plans to achieve his vision. Charismatic and transformational roles There are very few leaders who are capable of transformational leadership. However, this is not considered unfortunate as a leaders ultimate job is to keep the organization productive and the people engaged. In certain instances, too much transformation can be chaotic and lead nowhere. In this movie, Mandela was one of the few who can be categorized as a successful transformational leader. He was able to encourage people to believe in themselves so that the organisation can achieve greater heights. For instance, in his first meeting with Pienaar, Mandela explains that a leaders job is to get followers to believe that they are capable of doing more than they think possible. This thinking then leads to the rugby teams victory in winning the World Cup Championship. Leaders with these types of behaviours and attitudes tend to draw followers as people are naturally attracted to those who display strength and inspire belief in others. These charismatic qualities enable effective leadership. 6.0 Critically analyze each of the two and more incidents and consider other options the leaders could have considered and made. Participative leadership, delegation and empowerment Participative leadership style, which is known to be the best type of corporate leadership style in organisations today, allows employees to get involved in decision-making process to a certain extent. This democratic style of employee management creates healthy relationship between management and employees as both sides feel that their involvement is sought in the process of achieving the organizations goals and objectives. This leadership technique also promotes the development of future leaders via their participation in determining a common goal for the organization. As involvement of team members are required in decision making, hidden talents can be unearthed and their leadership qualities polished further. In the first incident, President Mandela asserts his decision to let the Springboks keep their identity but at the same time asks the committee members to reconsider their decision. Although he managed to persuade a small minority (13 votes) to agree with him, the number is sufficient and he looks upon it as a small win, not a total defeat. This displays his participative leadership style whereby instead of using his power and influence to change the committees decision, he asked them to rethink their decision and get them to vote again. For the second incident involving Pienaar, as captain of the team he tried to persuade the other members to sing along the national anthem. However, when the team crushed the paper given to them, he did not reprimand them but went on to sing the anthem. He tried to lead by example, hoping that the team would follow suit once they see him doing so. In encouraging the team to work harder towards achieving their goal of winning the World Cup Championship, Pienaar was seen motivating his team members so that they can all work towards one purpose and perform their best in every match. Pienaar also uses participative leadership to inculcate team spirit and camaraderie. Power and influence Power refers to the capacity a person has to influence the decision of another person so that the person acts according to his wishes. The more power a person has, the higher his influence on the whole system is. Meanwhile, influence causes a change in the attitude or behaviour of others and is more of a process which guides the peoples activities towards appropriate directions in meeting management objectives that have been set. As the President of the country, Mandela has both power and influence. However, he skillfully uses his power and influence to generate respect and support from the people. Pienaar also steadily works his way up to gain trust and respect from his fellow teammates. By commanding their trust and respect, he was capable of transforming the perception of the rugby team and instill pride and higher commitment from them. Managerial traits and skills President Mandela and Pienaar both demonstrate high level of management skills and leadership traits which help them gain support from a population which are initially plagued by centuries of racial divide. Mandela inspirational leadership motivates Pienaar to perform better than he ever thought he could. Through Mandelas quiet self-confidence and charisma, Pienaar was overwhelmed and personally look upon him as a great leader. Based on this motivation, Pienaar encouraged his rugby team to work harder and strive for victory. Leading change Mandelas first meeting with Francois Pienaar displays some important leadership lessons. When Piennar was asked by Mandela on his leadership philosophy, he answers that he believes in leading by example. Mandela concurs with him that leading by example is crucial. In response to another question on how Pienaar inspires people, he affirms that people are inspired through the heart and by what they see. Strategic leadership Strategic leadership refers to leaders who successfully influence large groups of people in organisations to act as required based on established organisational structure, allocated resources and communicated objectives and vision. They are generally functional in a highly complex environment which is influenced by external factors beyond their control. Strategic leaders have to digest information quickly and make correct decisions based on whatever is available to them at the point in time. As such, consequences of their decision affect more people in the organisation and tend to commit more resources. Sometimes, the decisions and initiatives can only implicate long-term plans and may take years to prepare and execute. Ethical issues In this movie, President Mandela transforms the perception of the black natives on rugby which has always been a white sport. Traditionally, the black natives despise the Springboks which they perceive as representing apartheid. By changing the values through this game, Mandela fruitfully changed the tradition of the population as all of them showed great unison in supporting the rugby team as they made their way to victory. Another example of good value that is displayed in this movie is when President Mandela took over the office of President. Although the white Afrikaner staff thought that they will be asked to leave their jobs when a black leader becomes president of the country, they are surprised when President Mandela asked them to continue working as usual and keep them as part of his administrative team. Although Mandela was subjected to a lot of grievances during the apartheid era, he shows strength of character when he does not display vindictiveness towards the white population. Yet he is able to forgive them and concentrate on uniting the racial divide. 7.0 CONCLUSION In summary, the movie Invictus is full of great examples of leadership skills and values. President Mandela exhibited excellent leadership and management skills in bringing unity to the country through sports and Pienaar successfully executed his part to garner the nations support to an overwhelming victory. Clearly, participative leadership and empowerment through consensus and general consultation brings better results compared to exertion of power and influence to move a population. The excellent examples depicted throughout the movie indicate the strength of characters of both President Nelson Mandela and Francois Pienaar. Their strengths shone through when presented by challenges upon challenges as they work their way to realising a united South African population. Charismatic leaders with strong commitment and high confidence can transform the impossible into a possibility and create huge success for the organisation. President Mandela displays his charisma as he successfully attracts followers, who initially disagree with his principles, into participating in activities towards achieving his vision. He effectively nurtures their emotions and encourages their hearts to work towards building the unity and accept differences among them as strengths and think positively for a better South Africa.

Tobacco use esay

The effects of smoking are harmful to one's body and can cause numerous health issues ND in some cases death-More than 5 million deaths a year is a huge amount of people that are being effected by tobacco use,and the number keeps growing. The county of Asia is especially affected by tobacco use and its harmful character traits. The global community must take steps to eliminate tobacco use. Smoking rates are very high in South Asian communities. South Asians often smoke cigarettes, bids or a hookah, or chew tobacco in pan or gotcha.There are many health risks for example, chewing pan makes you five times more likely to get oral cancer (Palo Alto medical foundation). People in Asia find it very hard to stop smoking, 700 Million men in Asia say they can not get through the day with out smoking a cigarette. Cigarette consumption in China soared between 1970 and 1 990 but has fallen slightly since. In Asia smoking among men is far more common than in the West. The worry, says Burke Fishbo ne of the World Health Organization (WHO), is that Asia will follow the Western trend, with more women taking up smoking as men quit.In Vietnam, for example, cigarettes are being peddled to urban women as a â€Å"sophisticated† pursuit. (Bangkok) Smoking was rotationally not considered lady like but the tobacco companies targeted all women from media , fashion and anything else they could think of that would get the attention of women. (Core Press) People are trying to stop smoking worldwide and are trying to start a war against smoking-Heath leaders are getting together tying to come up with ideas on how they can get smoking band or get it set to a certain age limit .Today there are 1. 1 billion smokers 80%,in the developing world. Starting today representatives from 191 nations are gathering together to insider the smoking treaty that could restrict tobacco marketing to young proportions in Asia and it is likely with the maturation Of this epidemic and increased risk of dea th from cancer and other smoking Disease. Asia marks it's productions and it has the best selling point, Most people that sell cigarettes to Asia don't care about there health, they just care about there rates being improved.Some countries such as; Brunet, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand want them to put warning labels on cigarette packs. Other countries such as; Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Manner, Philippines, and Vietnam require only text warnings. Turban designates wants to Increase tax to make tobacco products as unaffordable as possible he thinks that would be the best way for them to go. (David Tan) So many polices have been in Asia that both have high and low income.Countries are waking up to Tobacco related health diseases,researchers say public awareness of smoking risks coupled with aggressive tobacco marketing has left Asian nations with some of the most highest smoking rates in the world. At times when sustained anti-smoking campaigns have lowered rates in the U. S. And parts of Europe. N a country where 44 percent of the male population smokes a Health Minister named Moon Hung-Pay said the time had come to grapple seriously with the biggest threat to national health†Many Asian countries are in the early stages of the tobacco epidemic,† said by the POLO Medicine study. Hewitt) Dry. Alan Lopez the Pacific is particularly bad Countries like Tong, PANG, Jackrabbit all have smoking prevalence in males above 50 per cent, and very high in females. That is unusual what we tend to see in the developing countries Asia, is comparatively high and disturbingly high in fact. Prevalence for ales, around 40 to 50 per cent but much lower prevalence for females. We do not tend to see that in the Pacific where women are smoking almost as much as men. (Garrett) . (Schemer, Ron ).Europe may be leading the efforts to stamp out smoking in public places . Pipe have been studying and it shows that teens smoking rate is very high to . But there losing at tryin g to get the teens to stop smoking most teens are doing it because other people are doing and they want fit in . The U. S. Is trying to promote smokers to stop by putting up signs and commercials and APS this way will get teens attention more . Over the next 10 years most scientists are researching polonium in cigarettes and the radioisotope .The people that seal cigarettes are trying to get out they contract on smoking because the see how bad it's hurting people and how unhealthy it is . Smokers show that symptoms of addiction suck as withdrawal ,craving ,failed attempts to stop happen in the first week of smoking the percent of smoking went from 25 percent to 35 These results reside the question about nicotine from just one cigarette can mess up and alter your brain to trigger and addiction -when people try to interview the makers of cigarettes they don't have comments on the subject or say the same thing you can always stop smoking.Tobacco use is a world wide epidemic that effect s different genders,races and age group, Ones experience hits close to home. When MS pots was 22 in college she was pledging. She had to give cigarettes out to the big sisters in her sorority. As she keep selling them she began to smoke them her self,she thought if she would do it she would be cool. In 201 1 she was diagnosed with COPED which stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. She had to walk around with a oxygen tank On her back for two years.She tried multiply times to stop she tried a peal called Chianti for two months but that didn't work. On October 1 2010 she feel on her knees to God and asked him to please take the taste away from her. Since the she has never put a cigarette in her mouth since then. There are many possible solutions to kicking the habit of smoking like; raising prices of cigarettes,banning CIA ret ads,restricting advertisement to youth ,tougher laws on marketing,reduction of tar and nicotine levels,stop attraction of cigarettes .

Study On Standalone Risk And Portfolio Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1661 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Firstly we will define Investment as commitment of money or capital to purchase financial instruments or other assets in order to gain profitable returns in form of interest, income, or appreciation of the value of the instrument (Investment, 2010) and Risk is an uncertain outcome or chance of an adverse outcome. (Risk, 2010) In any investment there is bound to be categorised risks namely Standalone risk and Portfolio risk. According to an online post by phillykelloggguy (2008) the standalone risk measures the undiversified risk of an individual asset. An investor has the option to invest in a single asset which will be explained later with an example. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Standalone Risk And Portfolio Risk Finance Essay" essay for you Create order But on the other hand, there are portfolios, which is a group of individual assets forming a single investment for an investor. This portfolio is exposed to what is known as portfolio risk, this risk is further broken down into other risks and according to Scott Besley, E F. Brigham(2008) those risks are diversifiable risk (company-specific, unsystematic) and non-diversifiable (Market Risk, systematic). An investor who only acquires a single asset as an investment, that asset is known as standalone asset. This asset will be exposed to what is known as Standalone risks. An example will be buying stocks worth RM 100.000,00 in Oil industry only. The likely hood of your cash flow declining or losing the stocks is high due to standalone risks. But according to (Brigham and Daves 2007) the risk of a single assets cash flow can be considered on a standalone basis, If this investment cash flow is combined with other assets cash flows then its risk is reduced through diversificati on with the overall aim of improving the investment expected return while reducing risk. If the same investor above had known about diversification, he could have invested the RM 100.000,00 as follows, 20% buy stocks in a motor industry, 20% in property, 20% in security bonds, 20% buy stock in telecommunication industry and 20% buy stock in oil industry. In the scenario above the investor has acquired more than one asset and once all assets cash flows have been combined the investor has created a portfolio of assets, which is maximising returns for a given level of risk. Other authors Stephen Kealhofer, Jeffrey R. Bohn (2001) state that Measuring the diversification of a portfolio means specifying the range and likelihood of possible losses associated with the portfolio. All else equal, a well-diversified portfolio is one that has a small likelihood of generating large losses. This portfolio is exposed to portfolio risk or market risks. These risks are impossible to elimina te and the investor is compensated for barring this risks. There are inventors who are known as risk averters, they tend to have portfolios that have low-risk with guaranteed certain returns. But it is safe to say that the higher return you desire the greater the risk you must endure. So if an investor with low-risk portfolio wants to gain a higher return on an investment, the investor has to remix the assets in the low-risk portfolio. Let us use the example of the investor above who invested RM 100.000,00 in buying stocks in 5 different industries. If this investor wants a low-risk portfolio then 20% 40% of the portfolio will be invested in stocks and the remaining percentage will be invested in fixed interest investments (government and corporate bonds) [figure 1]. But on the other hand if the investor wants high return which will automatically include high risk, then 80% of portfolio will be invested in stocks and the remaining percentage in cash or fixed interests investm ents [figure1]. The investor has leverage a low risk portfolio for higher returns. [Figure 1] Investor Risk Profile, (Outlook Financial Solutions 2006) According to (Awerbuch, Bazilian et al. 2008) investors have learned that an efficient portfolio takes no unnecessary risk to its expected return. In short, these investors define efficient portfolios that maximize the expected return for any given level of risk, while minimizing risk for every level of expected return. Investors today tend to use modern portfolio theory (MPT) which entails that a portfolio should include some security assets. Wikipedia (2010) gives the following example of MPT, when prices in the stock market fall, prices in the bond market often increase, and vice versa. A collection of both this types of assets can therefore have lower overall risk in a portfolio than either individually. Some investor use borrowed money to purchase a security in a low-risk portfolio, if the security bought with borro wed money returns a loss, then the investor will be reliable to pay back that loss incurred to the borrower, but if the security results in a gain, then the investor has made a profit without using his initial capital. For any investor to earn high return from a low-risk portfolio, combinations of low risk assets and high risk assets have to be combined in the portfolio. Some investors like property assets Figure 2 shows the types of assets in relation to the returns and risks. It shows that properties returns are high but the risk also increases. It also shows which assets to acquire to bring down a relatively high risk portfolio to a low risk portfolio. [Figure 2] A Guide to Investment Risk, (Chelsea Investments Ltd 2006-2010) PART B Equilibrium is defined as A state of rest or balance due to the equal action of opposing forces. (Wikipedia, 2010) Looking at Table 1 provided, SECURITY EXPECTED RETURN ON SECURITY BETA OF SECURITY 1 17.1 1.3 2 10.9 0.8 3 18.2 1.4 4 18.5 1.5 5 9.8 0.2 Table1 Market return 15% Risk free rate 8% For a security to be in an equilibrium situation the expected ROR is equal to the required ROR and it may fall on the Security Market Line (SML) which is the state of rest mentioned in the definition. According to Investopedia (2010) when the securities are plotted on the graph, the securities that are above the SML are said to be undervalued and those securities that are below the SML are said to be overvalued. Although in my case I think it should be the other way around, overvalued stocks should be above the SML and undervalued below the SML. To determine all this theory mentioned above, we will be plotting a Security Market Line (SML). Wikipedia (2010) defines SML as a graphical representation of the Capital asset pricing model. It displays the expected rate of return of an individual security as a function of systematic, non- diversifiable risk (its beta). To plot the graph, Graph Setup 4.3 software will be used. The slope of the SML will be plotted on the following points on the graph according to betas axis of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, but first we need to calc the market premium: Market return Risk free rate = Market risk premium 15% 8% = 7% Using the market premium, we will be calculating the required return of the betas mentioned above, Risk free rate + Market premium (Beta) = required rate of return 8% + 7% (0.5) = 11.5 8% + 7% (1.0) = 15 same percentage as the Market return. 8% + 7% (2.0) = 22 Figure 3(Graph 4.3 software) SML Figure 3 clearly indicates the red line as the SML and were the security beta = 1.0 the required rate of return = 15%. To plot each security on the graph, we need to calculate the required return of each using the formula by (Kobold 1986): Security 1 Required Rate of Return: 17.1 = 8% + (15% 8%) 1.3 = 8% + 7% (1.3) = 8% + 9.1% Security Required Rate Of Return 1 17.1 2 13.6 3 17.8 4 18.5 5 9.4 Table 2 (Results after calculating the rest of the securities ROR) The graph is now plotted using the Table 2 required rate of return against the beta of each security in Table 1, represented by black squares boxes in figure 4. Figure 4 (Graph 4.3 software) SML Security 1 expected return is equal to the required rate of return 17.1 it is in an equilibrium situation, plotted on SML. Security 2 expected return is 10.9 and its less than required rate of return 13.6, it is overvalued. The investor would be accepting less return for the amount of risk assumed. (Investopedia, 2010) Security 3 expected returns 18.2 is greater than required rate of return 17.8, it is undervalued. The investor is accepting a greater return for the inherent risk. (Investopedia, 2010) Security 4 expected return equal to the required rate of return 18.5 it is in an equilibrium situation. Plotted on SML. Security 5 expected ret urns 9.8 is greater than required rate of return 9.4, it is undervalued. The investor is accepting a greater return for the inherent risk. (Investopedia, 2010) As shown in figure 5, Security 2 is plotted in the shaded area. Meaning Market risk premium is 7%, so it is an average security. Figure 5 (Graph 4.3 software) SML REFERANCES Awerbuch, S., M. Bazilian, et al. (2008). Analytical methods for energy diversity and security : portfolio optimization in the energy sector: a tribute to the work of Dr Shimon Awerbuch. Amsterdam ; London, Elsevier. Besley, S. F., Brigham, (2008). Essentials of managerial finance. 14th edition, Manson, OH: Thomson south-western College Publishing. Brigham, E. F. and P. R. Daves (2007). Intermediate financial management. Mason, Ohio, South-Western College Publishing. Chelsea Investments Ltd (2006-2010) A Guide to Investment Risk [Online image] Available from: https://www.chelseainvestments.co.uk/index.php?page=guide-to-investment-risk [Accessed: 30 October 2010]. Equilibrium 2010, Dictionary.com, viewed 03 November 2010 Available from: https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/equilibrium Investment 2010, Wikipedia, viewed 28th October 2010, Available From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment Kobold, K. (1986). Interest rate futures markets and capi tal market theory : theoretical concepts and empirical evidence. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter. Modern portfolio theory 2010, Wikipedia, viewed 03 November 2010 Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theory Outlook Financial Solutions (2006) Financial Management [Online image] Available from: https://www.cisfs.com.au/ [Accessed: 30 October 2010]. Risk 2010,Wikipedia, viewed 28th October 2010, Available From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk. Security Market Line SML 2010, Investopedia, viewed 03th November 2010, Available From: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sml.asp Stephen Kealhofer, Jeffrey R. Bohn, 2001, Portfolio Management of Default Risk, KMV, LLC (KMV), SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, USA, viewed 20 October 2010, Available from: https://www.moodyskmv.com//Portfolio_Management_of_Default_Risk.pdf The Equation of a Line (part I) 2009, YouTube, viewed 04 November 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mwzvP7DQjgsfeature= related. University of South Australia, Resources and Services for students 2010, The Harvard Author-Date Referencing System , viewed 20 October 2010, Available from: www.unisa.edu.au/ltu/students//referencing/harvard.pdf Yahoo answers (2008) phillykelloggguy. Resolved Question. [Online] Available from: https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081205103311AA6KRDp. [Accessed: 28th October 2010].

Health Promotion Essay - 2612 Words

This assignment is about how to plan and conduct a health promotion advice on an individual patient to improve patient’s quality of healthy life. In this essay, the author will first of all outline how the government policies, which are the National Service Framework (NSF) for Long-term Conditions and the NSF for Diabetes, were developed. The author will outline briefly all benefits are for her particular patient – Mr Smith (pseudonym name) in compliance with the NMC (2008) on confidentiality, is a 48 year-old taxi driver, who is newly diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), married with two teenage children. He frequently works during unsocial hours and has very unhealthy life style as he relies on fast-food from cafes for his†¦show more content†¦Firstly, the author of this essay would like to introduce her role as a health-care practitioner and the health promoter of Mr Smith. The author has a duty of care to support people in caring for themselves to improve and maintain their health whilst giving information and supports that relevant to a person’s needs (NMC, 2008). Before giving health promotion advice, the author analyses the major risk factors that may predispose Mr Smith to develop T2DM. Using an evidence-based approach, according to Diabetes UK, being over 40 years old is one of the risk factors. He is also overweight with BMI of 30. Therefore, the more risk factors that applies to him, the greater chance of him developing. Concerning about his eating habit, i.e. eating fast-food and other fatty things at the cafes, this factor may itself contribute leading him becoming obese as he is already overweight (Diabetes UK, Causes and Risk factors). As a registered nurse, the author of this essay also has a duty of care to help people to understand about their health (NMC, 2008). 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